Abstract Apelin is a bioactive peptide and an endogenous ligand for the angiotensin Ⅱ type one receptor-related protein APJ. Its precursor can be cleaved into various active fragments by proteases, with Apelin-13 having the strongest affinity with APJ. Apelin-13 is widely present in the central nervous system and exerts neuroprotective effects by regulating cell apoptosis, autophagy, synaptic plasticity, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. Neurons play an important role in the development and maturation of the nervous system, and neuronal damage is closely related to cognitive dysfunction. Therefore, the neuroprotective effect mediated by Apelin-13 has great potential for improving cognitive impairment caused by various reasons. This article reviews the latest research progress of Apelin-13 in cognitive impairment, which is expected to provide new targets and strategies for the treatment of cognitive impairment.
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