Research progress of Wnt signaling pathway and osteoporosis treatment
WANG Guozhu1 XIAO Bin1 DONG Bo2 YAO Jie2 CHEN Zhihui1 QIAN Bing1 Zhang Liping1
1.Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Province, Xianyang 712000, China;
2.Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Province, Xianyang 712000, China
Abstract:Adult bone is a multifunctional organ that has been continuously reshaped. The homeostasis of bone requires the balance between osteoclast bone absorption and osteogenesis. If this imbalance can lead to osteoporosis, sclerosing osteopathy and other bone diseases. In order to find effective and safe treatment methods to regulate bone formation, the molecular mechanism of bone cell differentiation and activity must be elucidated. Gene researches in humans and mice have established Wnt signaling as a key mechanism for stimulating osteoblast differentiation and activity.This paper reviews the related mechanisms of Wnt signaling pathway and bone formation and the treatment of osteoporosis.
[1] Matsuoka K,Park KA,Ito M,et al. Osteoclast-derived complement component 3a stimulates osteoblast differentiation [J]. J Bone Miner Res,2014,29(7):1522-1530.
[2] Tu X,Joeng KS,Nakayama KI,et al. Noncanonical Wnt signaling through G protein-Linked PKCdelta activation promotes bone formation [J]. Dev Cell,2007,12(1):113-127.
[3] Zhong Z,Ethen NJ,Williams BO. WNT signaling in bone development and homeostasis [J]. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Dev Biol,2014,3(6):489-500.
[4] Karner CM,Long F. Wnt signaling and cellular metabolism in osteoblasts [J]. Cell Mol Life Sci,2017,74(9):1649-1657.
[5] Lu W,Yamamoto V,Ortega B,et al. Mammalian Ryk is a Wnt coreceptor required for stimulation of neurite outgrowth [J]. Cell,2004,119(1):97-108.
[6] Wu X,Tu X,Joeng KS,et al. Rac1 activation controls nuclear localization of beta-catenin during canonical Wnt signaling [J]. Cell,2008,133(2):340-353
[7] Valenta T,Hausmann G,Basler K. The many faces and functions of beta-catenin [J]. EMBO J,2012,31(12):2714-2736.
[8] Van Amerongen R,Fuerer C,Mizutani M,et al. Wnt5a can both activate and repress Wnt/beta-catenin signaling during mouse embryonic development [J]. Dev Biol,2012,369(1):101-114.
[9] Taelman VF,Dobrowolski R,Plouhinec JL,et al. Wnt signaling requires sequestration of glycogen synthase kinase 3 inside multivesicular endosomes [J]. Cell,2010,143(7):1136-1148.
[10] Jho EH,Zhang T,Domon C,et al. Wnt/beta-catenin/Tcf signaling induces the transcription of Axin2,a negative regulator of the signaling pathway [J]. Mol Cell Biol,2002,22(4):1172-1183.
[11] Maupin KA,Droscha CJ,Williams BO. A comprehensive overview of skeletal phenotypes associated with alterations in Wnt/b-catenin signaling in humans and mice [J]. Bone Res,2013,1(1):27-71.
[12] Chen J,Long F. Beta-catenin promotes bone formation and suppresses bone resorption in postnatal growing mice [J].J Bone Miner Res,2013,28(5):1160-1169.
[13] Song L,Dokas J,Neuendorf F,et al. Loss of wnt/beta-catenin signaling causes cell fate shift of preosteoblasts from osteoblasts to adipocytes [J]. J Bone Miner Res,2012, 27(11):2344-2358.
[14] Witte F,Dokas J,Neuendorf F,et al. Comprehensive expression analysis of all Wnt genes and their major secreted antagonists during mouse limb development and cartilage differentiation [J]. Gene Expr Patterns,2009,9(4):215-223.
[15] Chen J,Tu X,Esen E,et al. Wnt7v promotes bone formation in part through mTORC1 [J]. PLoS Genet,2014,10(1):e1 004 145.
[16] Chen J,Long F. mTORC1 signaling promotes osteoblast differentiation from preosteoblasts [J]. PLoS One,2015, 10(6):e0 130 627.
[17] Sun W,Shi Y,Lee WC,et al. Rictor is required for optimal bone accrual in response to anti-sclerostin therapy in the mouse [J]. Bone,2016,85:1-8.
[18] Chen J,Shi Y,Lee WC,et al. mTORC2 signaling promotes skeletal growth and bone formation in mice [J]. J Bone Miner Res,2015,30(2):369-378.
[19] Hu H,Hilton MJ,Tu X,et al. Sequential roles of hedgehog and Wnt signaling in osteoblast development [J]. Development,2005,132(1):49-60.
[20] Fischer J,Aulmann A,Dexheimer V,et al. Intermittent PTHrP(1-34) exposure augments chondrogenesis and reduces hypertrophy of mesenchymal stromal cells [J]. Stem Cells Dev,2014,23(20):2513-2523.
[21] Kim M,Lee YJ,Jee SC,et al. Anti-adipogenic effects of sesamol on human mesenchymal stem cells [J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2016,469(1):49-54.
[22] An Q,Wu D,Ma Y,et al. Suppression of Evi1 promotes the osteogenic differentiation and inhibits the adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in vitro [J]. Int J Mol Med,2015,36(6):1615-1622.
[23] Yu B,Chang J,Liu Y,et al. Wnt4 signaling prevents skeletal aging and inflammation by inhibiting nuclear factor-κB [J]. Nat Med,2014,20(9):1009-1017.
[24] Fahiminiya S,Majewski J,Mort J,et al. Mutations in Wnt1 are a cause of osteogenesis imperfecta[J]. J Med Genet,2013,50(5):345-348.
[25] Riddle RC, Diegel CR,Leslie JM,et al. Lrp5 and Lrp6 exert overlapping functions in osteoblasts during postnatal bone acquisition [J]. PLoS One,2013,8(5):e63 323.
[26] Maruyama T,Jiang M,Hsu W. Gpr177,a novel locus for bone mineral density and osteoporosis, regulates osteogenesis and chondrogenesis in skeletal development [J]. J Bone Miner Res,2013,28(5):1150-1159.
[27] Witte F ,Dokas J,Neuendorf F,et al. Comprehensive expression analysis of all Wnt genes and their major secreted antagonists during mouse limb development and cartilage differentiation [J]. Gene Expr Patterns,2009,9(4):215-223.
[28] Jin N,Yin X,Yu D,et al. Truncation and activation of GSK-3beta by calpain I: a molecular mechanism links to tau hyperphosphorylation in Alzheimer's disease [J]. Scientific reports,2015,5:81-87.
[29] El-Hoss J,Arabian A,Dedhar S,et al. Inactivation of the integrin-linked kinase(ILK)in osteoblasts increases mineralization [J]. Gene,2014,533(1):246-252.
[30] Yun SI,Yoon HY,Jeong SY,et al. Glucocorticoid induces apoptosis of osteoblast cells through the activation of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta [J]. J Bone Miner Metab,2009,27(2):140-148.
[31] Zahoor M,Cha PH,Min do S,et al. Indirubin-3′-oxime reverses bone loss in ovariectomized and hindlimb-unloaded mice via activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling [J]. J Bone Miner Res,2014,29(5):1196-1205.
[32] Semenov M,Tamai K,He X. SOST is a ligand for LRP5/LRP6 and a Wnt signaling inhibitor[J]. J Biol Chem,2005,280(29):26 770-26 775.
[33] Li X,Ominsky MS,Warmington KS,et al.Sclerostin antibody treatment increases bone formation,bone mass,and bone strength in a rat model of postmenopausal osteoporosis [J]. J Bone Miner Res,2009,24(4):578-588.
[34] Arti DS,Dolores S,E Michael L. Sclerostin inhibition:a novel therapeutic approach in the treatment of osteoporosis [J]. Int J Women's Health,2015,7:565-580.
[35] Mao B,Wu W,Davidson G,et al. Kremen proteins are Dickkopf receptors that regulate Wnt/bets—catenin signaling [J]. Nature,2002,417(6889):664-667.
[36] Wang FS,Ko JY,Lin Cl,et al. Knocking down dickkopf-1 alleviates estrogen deficiency induction of bone loss.A histormorphological study in ovaricetomized rats [J]. Bone,2007,40(2):485-492.
[37] Glantschnig H,Scott K,Hampton R,et al. A rate-limiting role for dickkopf-1 in bone formation and the remediation of bone loss in mouse and primate models of postmenopausal osteoporosis by an experimental therapeutic antibody [J]. J Pharmacol Exp Ther,2011,338(2):568-578.